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## Chapter 2. Overview

Keycloak is an SSO solution for web apps, mobile and RESTful web services. It is an authentication server where users can centrally login, logout, register, and manage their user accounts. The Keycloak admin UI can manage roles and role mappings for any application secured by Keycloak. The Keycloak Server can also be used to perform social logins via the user's favorite social media site i.e. Google, Facebook, Twitter etc.

Features:

- SSO and Single Log Out for browser applications
- Social Login. Enable Google, GitHub, Facebook, Twitter social login with no code required.
- LDAP and Active Directory support.
- Optional User Registration
- Password and TOTP support (via Google Authenticator). Client cert auth coming soon.
- Forgot password support. User can have an email sent to them
- Reset password/totp. Admin can force a password reset, or set up a temporary password.
- Not-before revocation policies per realm, application, or user.
- User session management. Admin can view user sessions and what applications/clients have an access token. Sessions can be invalidated per realm or per user.
- Pluggable theme and style support for user facing screens. Login, grant pages, account mgmt, and admin console all can be styled, branded, and tailored to your application and organizational needs.
- OAuth Bearer token auth for REST Services
- Integrated Browser App to REST Service token propagation
- OAuth Bearer token auth for REST Services
- OAuth 2.0 Grant requests
- OpenID Connect Support.
- CORS Support
- CORS Web Origin management and validation
- Completely centrally managed user and role mapping metadata. Minimal configuration at the application side
- Admin Console for managing users, roles, role mappings, applications, user sessions, allowed CORS web origins, and OAuth clients.
- Account Management console that allows users to manage their own account, view their open sessions, reset passwords, etc.
- Deployable as a WAR, appliance, or on Openshift.
- Multitenancy support. You can host and manage multiple realms for multiple organizations.
- Supports JBoss AS7, EAP 6.x, Wildfly and JavaScript applications. Plans to support Node.js, RAILS, GRAILS, and other non-Java deployments

## 2.1. Key Concepts in Keycloak

The core concept in Keycloak is a Realm. A realm secures and manages security metadata for a set of users, applications, and registered oauth clients. Users can be created within a specific realm within the Administration console. Roles (permission types) can be defined at the realm level and you can also set up user role mappings to assign these permissions to specific users.

An application is a service that is secured by a realm. When a user browses an application's web site, the application can redirect the user agent to the Keycloak Server and request a login. Once a user is logged in, they can visit any other application managed by the realm and not have to re-enter credentials. This also hold true for logging out. Roles can also be defined at the application level and assigned to specific users. Depending on the application type, you may also be able to view and manage user sessions from the administration console.

An oauth client is similar to an application in that it can request something like a login when a user visits the site of the oauth client. The difference is that oauth clients are not immediately granted all permissions of the user. In addition to requesting the login credentials of the user, the Keycloak Server will also display a grant page asking the user if it is ok to grant allowed permissions to the oauth client.

## 2.2. How Does Security Work in Keycloak?

Keycloak uses access tokens to secure web invocations. Access tokens contains security metadata specifying the identity of the user as well as the role mappings for that user. The format of these tokens is a Keycloak extension to the JSON Web Token specification. Each realm has a private and public key pair which it uses to digitally sign the access token using the JSON Web Signature specification. Applications can verify the integrity of the digitally signed access token using the public key of the realm. The protocols used to obtain this token is defined by the OAuth 2.0 specification.

The interesting thing about using these smart access tokens is that applications themselves are completely stateless as far as security metadata goes. All the information they need about the user is contained in the token and there's no need for them to store any security metadata locally other than the public key of the realm.

Signed access tokens can also be propagated by REST client requests within an `Authorization` header. This is great for distributed integration as applications can request a login from a client to obtain an access token, then invoke any aggregated REST invocations to other services using that access token. So, you have a distributed security model that is centrally managed, yet does not require a Keycloak Server hit per request, only for the initial login.

### 2.2.1. Permission Scopes

Each application and oauth client are configured with a set of permission scopes. These are a set of roles that an application or oauth client is allowed to ask permission for. Access tokens are always granted at the request of a specific application or oauth client. This also holds true for SSO. As you visit different sites, the application will redirect back to the Keycloak Server via the OAuth 2.0 protocol to obtain an access token specific to that application. The role mappings contained within the token are the union between the set of user role mappings and the permission scope of the application/oauth client. So, access tokens are tailor made for each application/oauth client and contain only the information required for by them.

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